Pest Control is the action to reduce a pest population below unacceptable levels. This can be done by prevention, suppression, or eradication.
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Accurate identification is key to a successful pest control program. This includes determining what type of pest you’re dealing with and how they got there.
Identifying pests is the first step in understanding their role in a system and developing a strategy to manage them. Identification can be based on several factors, including size, behavior, food and harborage preferences, and damage caused.
Depending on the species, many insects change their appearance as they develop and move through different stages of life. For example, an immature beetle may look very similar to a caterpillar or worm. Proper identification also helps determine if the organism is in fact a pest or beneficial insect.
Pests can be identified through direct observation or by examining cast skins, droppings, and other debris left by the pest. Carefully collecting a sample of the pest and carefully preserving it in alcohol or another safe container is helpful for identifying species. Many County offices have or can order vials of propylene glycol for safe shipping of samples to the Plant Pest Lab.
In addition to assisting in the identification of a particular pest, the lab can provide valuable information about the life history, habitat and habits of the pest. This information can then be used to guide the selection of control tactics that will be most effective.
Often, it is not the pest itself that is to blame for damage or destruction; rather, the wrong pesticide or application method was used. Many pesticide failures are not due to resistance but instead because the correct pesticide was applied at a time when the pest was not susceptible. Accurate pest identification allows for the development of strategies that minimize the use of chemicals in order to prevent damage and maintain healthy plants.
When a pest control company comes to your home, be sure to check the person’s credentials. Ask whether they are a salesperson or technician and if the company employs both salaried employees and those paid partially on commission. A salesperson should be able to present you with the company’s state identification card upon request. If they cannot, you should contact NCDA&CS. This does not imply that those who are paid on commission are less honest or accurate than those who are salaried.
Pest Prevention
Even when facilities and maintenance crews take great care to keep spaces clean, pests can still cause damage to property and create health risks for occupants. Once a pest problem is noticeable, it may be time to initiate a control program.
A pest infestation is the presence of any species in a location in numbers that interfere with normal functions, result in significant harm, or create a nuisance. Infestations can include birds (pigeons, geese, starlings), rodents (mice, rats and cockroaches) and insects (flies, beetles, ants, cockroaches).
Pest infestations often signal that preventive measures are not being taken. In the home, clogged drains and leaking gutters can encourage pests to take up residence in kitchens or bathrooms. Trash cans should be emptied regularly and food should be stored in sealed containers, including pet foods. Keep woodpiles away from the house and regularly sweep up leaves and debris around structures to discourage pests from nesting. Clutter and debris provide hiding places for pests, so regular sanitizing of areas like cupboards, countertops and floors is also recommended.
In the garden, uncultivated weeds, flower and berry beds and lawns can provide harborage sites for pests. Infestations of ornamental and vegetable crops can be caused by plant diseases, which can affect the appearance as well as the vigor of desirable plants. Disease organisms can be prevented with good sanitation practices and proper site selection and cultivation techniques.
Pests are most often controlled using non-chemical methods, such as traps, baits and physical removal of pests. When these methods are not effective, a pesticide can be used. Pesticides are most effective when used as a last resort and when the underlying conditions that favor pests are identified and addressed.
Before applying any controls, it is important to understand the pest’s life cycle and ecology. It is also vital to know which types of beneficial insects are in the area, as they can help in pest management. To avoid damaging these helpful insects, it is advisable to use only those pesticides that are targeted against the specific pest and which do not kill beneficial insects as well.
Pest Control Methods
Identifying pests is an important first step in determining whether or not to take action. Once you have identified a pest, you can better understand its biology and life cycle, which will help you determine what type of pest control measures to use. For example, if you have mice in your house, you might be able to stop the rodents from breeding by blocking their access to food and shelter, while a cockroach infestation is more likely to require a stronger approach like trapping and baiting or fumigation.
Physical or mechanical methods are commonly used to reduce pest populations, and they often combine with chemical controls to provide the best results. For example, traps, screens, barriers and fences can prevent pests from entering buildings, while flypaper or sticky traps can lure them in and then capture them. Heat, radiation and electrical devices can also alter pests’ environment to suppress or kill them.
Some plants, animals and structures are naturally resistant to certain types of pests, making them less susceptible to damage and less desirable for pests to attack. Use of resistant varieties in gardening and agriculture can significantly reduce pest population levels.
Before a pest control professional visits, remove clutter to make it easier for him or her to inspect and apply treatments. Especially in the kitchen, store all food items and cooking utensils inside the refrigerator or cabinets, and clean counters, floors and walls thoroughly. Before spraying a room with insecticides, carefully read and follow the pesticide label’s instructions and safety warnings.
If you don’t find a specific pest in your home, garden or business and are not sure what to do next, talk to a University of California IPM specialist or contact your county extension agent for recommendations suitable for your location. The UC IPM website also provides detailed information on specific pests, including tips to prevent them and links to other sources of expert advice. Ultimately, the key to effective pest management is prevention. Learn about pests and the options available for their control, and you can greatly reduce your need for pesticides.
Pesticides
Pesticides are powerful weapons in the battle against pests, but they must be used responsibly — and more and more, that means using them in combination with other methods as part of an integrated pest management plan. When choosing a pesticide, look for the least toxic option available and make sure you understand how to apply it correctly. Also, read the label carefully and be sure you feel comfortable handling it. This will keep your customers safe, their children and pets safe, and ensure that you’re applying the pesticide as safely as possible.
The most common way to use a pesticide is as a spray or dusting product. These can be effective in removing many pests, especially continuous ones such as cockroaches, termites, mosquitoes and flies. But, these products can also be harmful to people and pets if they are not properly used or stored.
Acute exposures can cause headaches, dizziness, weakness and tingling sensations, eye irritation and problems with balance. They can also affect the nervous system (interfere with nerve-impulse transmission and disrupt acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter). Chronic exposures can lead to cancers, birth defects and preterm birth, immune system problems, organ damage and disruption of the endocrine system, which controls hormones.
Some of the chemicals used as pesticides are persistent in soil, food and animal bodies because they don’t break down quickly. They can also accumulate in fatty tissues. Examples include organochlorines and organophosphates. Other pesticides, such as pyrethroids and carbamates, are less persistent but still persist for long periods of time.
These chemicals are often combined to produce a more powerful product that can be used against pests such as nematodes, fungus and plant diseases. They are also used to control insects and rodents.
The type of pesticide you choose depends on the problem and its severity. Some, such as insect growth regulators and fungicides, interfere with the development of pests by altering certain genes. Others kill the pests directly. Still others, such as herbicides and pyrethrins, act through contact with the pests’ leaves, stems or roots.
It is important to understand the life cycle of your target pest when determining when to use pesticides. For example, some fungicides and herbicides work best when applied early in the year when weeds are small and vulnerable. Others, such as insecticides, may be more effective when pests are in the larval or pupal stage.